1.) Tropism is a growth of curvatures in plant organs toward or away from stimuli in which a plant looks turned or bent away from the root. This tree has resulted in tropism, as it has grown in a turned formation. This tropism is positive phototropism in relation to the sunrise.
2.) A Modified Stem of a Plant is an important adaptation that some plants have. These adaptations can be different, but in this case, this plant's is that of thorns on the stem. The reason for this modified stem may be related to defense against predators, and thus the thorns were formed.
3.) Homologous Structures are common organ or bone structures between distant organisms that share a common ancestor. In this case, the bones in my arm and my dog's front leg have homologous structures. Other organisms with similar forelimbs to us include whales and bats. The ideas of these structures resulting from common ancestors is a popular evolutionary idea.
4.) Epithelial Tissue is tissue that usually lines surfaces, and the cells in the tissue are closely packed together. Epithelial Tissue lines all internal and external surfaces of the body, and this picture shows the epithelial tissue that forms the skin on my hand. My skin lines the entire external surface of my body.
5.) Pollen contains male gametophytes from seed plants. Pollen carries sperm and through different pollination methods it is carried off (by wind or animal etc.), to another plant's ovules. Pictured here is pollen that collected on the side of my camper and had not been disturbed or washed off because the camper never moved. Pollen is most actively seen collecting on vehicles in the spring and summer.
6.) Anther and Filament of Stamen: The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower and it contains an anther and filament. Collectively, here pollen grains are formed with male gametes. The picture above displays the stamen, anther, and filament, where they are located directly in the center of the flower.
7.) An Angiosperm is a flowering plant. The flowers of angiosperms contain the reproductive parts necessary for the plant to reproduce, including an ovary and stamen etc. Pictured here is the face of a flower, obviously produced by an angiosperm (flowering plant).
8.) Autotrophs are living organisms that obtain their source of food/energy without consuming other substances. Autotrophs can basically produce their own food using energy from the sun in a process called photosynthesis. Most autotrophs tend to be plants, and pictured here is one plant that produced its own food. Autotrophs are also usually located at the bottom of a food chain.
9.) A Pollinator is something that moves pollen from the male part of a flower, to the female stigma for fertilization. Many times pollination is completed indirectly (by wind, or clinging to animals/clothing). One of the most famously known flower pollinators is a bee. While a bee attempts to collect nectar, pollen sticks to them, and they carry it off to another flower thus completing plant fertilization. Pictured above is the most common pollinator, although hard to see, a bee.
10.) Lichens are organisms in a symbiotic relationship, part fungus and part algae (photosynthetic plant). Lichens are usually found in nature living off of trees like the one pictured above. They can vary in color and locations range from the bark of trees, to the surface of rocks. They have been around for thousands of years, and lichens display an odd relationship between the fungus and plant kingdoms.
11.) A Detritovore is another name for a decomposer. Detritovores are organisms that feed off of nonliving organic material. Worms are a very popular example of detritovores along with maggots. The Earthworm pictured above is a Detritovore as it decomposed dead organic matter.
12.) A grub worm is an Animal that has a Segmented Body. In many worms it is easy to visualize little rings that segment the body. The rings look like they are all joined together. These segments help worms, like the grub worm, with movement. The grub worm has three sets of legs, all are on different segments. All insects have segmented bodies. In different types of worms the segments work independently for successful movement. Pictured above is a grub worm.
13.) This pine cone is an example of a Gymnosperm. A gymnosperm is a type of plant that bears naked seeds without any covering. This pine cone is the display of the "naked" seed from a pine tree. Pine cones and other conifers are visibly different from flowering angiosperms that have enclosed ovaries.
14.) A Long-Day plant is a plant that only flowers when exposed to long periods of light, usually exceeding 12 hours. Plant floral development has been attributed to the length of light periods, but has since been changed to periods of uninterrupted darkness. When the long-day and short-day plants were popular explanations many fit into each category. The Romaine Lettuce pictured above is an example of a long-day plant.
15.) A Redox Reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, is a chemical reaction involving an electron transfer between reactants. Electronegativity is a factor that decides if the electrons will be transferred. An example of a redox reaction is the rusting of iron in the presence of water and oxygen. Through a transfer of electrons, the metal rusts. An example of rusting iron is this trailer hitch.
16.) Cellular Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that convert oxygen to ATP. This reaction takes place mostly in the mitochondria of cells. In a simpler way, cellular respiration is a gas exchange from oxygen to carbon dioxide with a few other reactants and products. In animals, these reactions are known to take place in the lungs on a gross scale, although all cells do complete cellular respiration. Pictured here is a puppy, Otto, like all other animals and dogs like him he performs cellular respiration in order to produce ATP he needs and complete gas exchange.
17.) Organisms in same genus but different species: both of my dogs, Dakota (left) and Lexi (right), are members of the genus Canis. However they belong to different species, Lexi belongs to Lupis and Dakota belongs to Familiaris. Lexi is a German shepherd native to Massachusetts as her parents were bred in Mass. Dakota is a Chihuahua and Portuguese podengo mix also native to parents in Massachusetts. In other words, both organism are dogs, however they differ that one is a German shepherd and one is a Chihuahua mix.
18.) A Heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food. It must obtain organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. The Grasshopper above is an example of a heterotroph because it cannot produce its own food and thus feeds off of organic plant matter such as grass.
19.) The Phloem in this cut portion of the tree trunk is located in the inner bark, or the lighter ring. The phloem is the system of elongated tubes, like a circulatory system, that transports sugars and other nutrients made during photosynthesis. The nutrients are transported from the top of the tree where photosynthesis occurs in the leaves, all the way down to the roots. The Phloem is necessary for the tree to survive.
20.) An Exoskeleton is the hard covering/shell that exists on many arthropods and also insects. One insect with an exoskeleton is an ant like the one pictures above. The exoskeleton provides the organism with protection against surroundings, and points of connection and movement.
21.) Mating Behavior varies greatly between species of organisms. One well known sequence of mating behavior occurs between insects such as beetles and flies. Pictured above are two flies that were in nthe beginning stages of mating that included following eachother and the beginning of tapping, typical mating behavior.
22.) Dogs display many different versions of Territorial Behavior each day. These behaviors range from scent marking, barking, even attacking, in order to keep their space safe. pictured above is my German shepherd Lexi, as she is about to pounce at my neighbors puppy Otto. The playfulness demonstrated here could be mistaken for aggression as she shows her teeth and launches herself at him, in order to "protect" our backyard.
23.) Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that is associated with fruit ripening. Ethylene is popular among fruits such as apples and bananas, however it is uncommon in fruits like cherries and blueberries. The concentration of Ethylene in bananas (like the ones above) are why it is suggested that you separate your bananas from each other and other fruits so they do not speed the ripening process.
24.) Gibberellin is a chemical produced by the fungus of the genus gibberella, it was found to promote growth in seed embryos. Many gibberellins occur naturally in plants, however they can be applied to some plants. Pictured above are seedless grapes, sprayed with the gibberellin hormone to make each individual grape grow larger for consumer needs. Since the grapes are seedless they cannot produce gibberellins naturally, so the hormone is sprayed.
25.) The Xylem is another part of the plant circulatory system. It works in a way opposite to the phloem. The xylem consists of dead tubular cells that transport water and minerals from the roots of the plant up to the top (the opposite direction of the phloem). When a tree is cut like this, the xylem is easy to find. Since xylem dies each year, we see the old xylem tissue as the rings in the tree.
26.) The Endosperm is the tissue that surrounds the embryo of a flowering plant, and it is usually produced during fertilization. Endosperm means that the seeds are within. Pictured here is white rice, a type of grain. Like most grains, rice is an endosperm that nourishes the embryo within it, which in these cases is germ or bran.
27.) Auxin is the hormone that controls elongation is plant cells. The Auxin Producing Area of a Plant is where that hormone is created, and sometimes resembles a flower bud like the one pictured here, where the dragon fly has decided to rest. The auxin hormone is what causes the plant to start to bud and eventually grow into a flower.
28.) The Flower Ovary is the part of the pistil that holds the ovules. within the ovules are seeds that will be fertilized. In flowers it is easy to find the reproductive parts as they are usually located in the center, near where the pink is in this flower here. The flower represents an indication highlighting where the pistil is visible in other flowers. The ovary is located on the bottom end of the pistil.
29.) Meristem Tissue is made of meristematic cells and is located where growth in a plant takes place. They are capable of continues cellular division. This single stem underwent division within meristematic tissue as it branched out from the rest of the plant, as did the other stems. in observing other plants, meristem tissue is responsible for growth and dividing/branching.
30.) Cellulose is the substance that makes a plant cell's walls. Cellulose is used when making paper, and other materials for plants. For humans, cellulose is a good source of fiber and is indigestible for us. This picture of a branch of a tree represents the cellulose in every plant cell.
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